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'''Astronomy''' is a natural science that studies celestial objects and phenomena.<ref>Definition of "[[w:astronomy|astronomy]]" as retrieved from Wikipedia on May 17, 2018</ref> In the [[known world]], astronomy plays a role in keeping track of time as well as religion.
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[[File:Yoann Boissonnet Bronze LinkII.png|thumb|400px|A [[maester]] may use a [[Myrish eye]] to study astronomy. Art by Yoann Boissonnet © Fantasy Flight Games]]
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'''Astronomy''' is a natural science that studies celestial objects and phenomena.<ref>[[w:astronomy|Wikipedia: Astronomy]]</ref> In the [[known world]], astronomy plays a role in [[Measurement|keeping track of time]], as well as in [[religion]].
  
The bronze link of a [[maester]]'s chain{{Ref|AGOT|41}}{{Ref|AGOT|20}} likely symbolizes his expertise in either astronomy or astrology.<ref group="N">Based on Archmaester [[Vaellyn]]'s "subject to judge" being "the heavens" (''[[A Feast for Crows]]'', [[A Feast for Crows-Prologue|Prologue]]) and him being described as "the stargazer" (''[[A Feast for Crows]]'', [[A Feast for Crows-Appendix|Appendix]]).</ref> Maester [[Nicol]] has studied the movement of the stars,{{Ref|twoiaf|Ancient History: The Long Night}} and Maester [[Luwin]], in service at [[Winterfell]] during the rule of Lord [[Eddard Stark]], has a [[Myrish lens tube]] through which he looks at stars in the sky.{{Ref|agot|66}} Maester Luwin taught the Stark children about the stars, including "the names of the twelve houses of heaven and the rulers of each", the seven wanderers, and the constellations.{{Ref|ASOS|26}}
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The [[bronze]] link of a [[maester]]'s chain{{Ref|AGOT|41}}{{Ref|AGOT|20}} likely symbolizes his expertise in either astronomy or astrology.{{Refn|group="N"|[[Archmaester]] [[Vaellyn]], whose mask, rod, and ring are [[bronze]],{{Ref|AFFC|Appendix}} judges those wishing to demonstrate knowledge of the heavens,{{Ref|AFFC|0}} and he is also described as "the stargazer".{{Ref|AFFC|Appendix}}}} Maester [[Nicol]] has studied the movement of the stars,{{Ref|TWOIAF|Ancient History: The Long Night}} and Maester [[Luwin]], in service at [[Winterfell]] during the rule of Lord [[Eddard Stark]], has a [[Myrish lens tube]] through which he looks at stars in the sky.{{Ref|AGOT|66}} Maester Luwin taught the [[House Stark|Stark]] children about the stars, including "the names of the twelve houses of heaven and the rulers of each", the [[seven wanderers]], and the [[constellations]].{{Ref|ASOS|26}}
  
==The Moon and Sun==
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==The Sun and Moon==
It is known that [[Measurement|daytime period]] is correlated with the seasons. Towards the end of summer, the days start to grow shorter,{{Ref|agot|21}} a trend which continues through autumn.{{Ref|affc|20}}{{Ref|adwd|21}} The end of a season is determined by the [[Conclave]] of the [[Citadel]], who base their conclusion on the measurements and reports of maesters all over the [[Seven Kingdoms]].{{Ref|Acok|prologue}}
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[[File:House Tarth.svg|right|thumb|350px|The [[sigil]] of [[House Tarth]] depicts the [[sun]] and [[moon]].]]
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In the known world, a year is the length of a solar cycle, how long it takes the earth to make one complete revolution around the [[sun]].{{Ref|SSM|2997}}{{Ref|SSM|1034}} The world is also orbited by a [[moon]], in a similar fashion to Earth's, which revolves around the world twelve times a year.{{Ref|SSM|2997}} As on Earth, a year is measured by determining the position of the sun, moon, and stars.{{Ref|SSM|1034}}
  
The known world is orbited by a [[moon]] in a similar fashion to Earth's. [[George R. R. Martin]] has specified that "''Twelve moon [turns] to a year, as on earth. Even on our earth, years have nothing to do with the seasons, or with the cycles of the moon.<ref name=Asshai/> In the world of Westeros, a year is a measure of a solar cycle, i.e., of how long it takes the earth to make one complete revolution around the [[sun]].<ref name=Asshai>[[So Spake Martin]], [http://www.westeros.org/Citadel/SSM/Entry/Asshai.com_Forum_Chat Asshai.com Forum Chat (July 27, 2008)]</ref><ref>[[So Spake Martin]]: [http://www.westeros.org/Citadel/SSM/Entry/Measuring_Time/ Measuring Time (June 12, 1999)]</ref>
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The known world experiences extremely long [[seasons]] of varying length, usually lasting at least a couple of years each. It is known that the [[Measurement|daytime period]] is correlated with the seasons. Towards the end of [[Summer (season)|summer]], the days start to grow shorter,{{Ref|AGOT|21}} a trend which continues through [[autumn]].{{Ref|AFFC|20}}{{Ref|ADWD|21}} The end of a season is determined by the [[Conclave]] of the [[Citadel]], who base their conclusion on the measurements and reports of maesters all over the [[Seven Kingdoms]].{{Ref|ACOK|0}}
  
In his ''[[The Measure of the Days]]'', Maester [[Nicol]] argues, based upon his studies on the movement of stars, that the seasons possibly were once of a regular length, determined by the way in which the globe faces the sun. According to Maester [[Yandel]], however, although the notion appears to be true, Nicol has not been able to find any evidence that regular seasons were once the case, beyond the most ancient of tales.{{Ref|twoiaf|Ancient History: The Long Night}}
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In his ''[[The Measure of the Days]]'', Maester [[Nicol]] argues, based upon his studies on the movement of stars, that the seasons possibly were once of a regular length, determined by the way in which the globe faces the sun. According to Maester [[Yandel]], however, although the notion appears to be true, Nicol has not been able to find any evidence that regular seasons were once the case, beyond the most ancient of tales.{{Ref|TWOIAF|Ancient History: The Long Night}}
  
In the faith of [[R'hllor]], the Lord of Light, the [[red priest]]s and other followers pray before a nightfire, thanking R'hllor for ending the day, while beseeching him to bring the dawn and banish the darkness.{{Ref|asos|63}} The nightfires are lit at sunset.{{Ref|asos|63}}{{Ref|agot|3}} Fires are also lit each morning at first light, where the red priests welcome the sun.{{Ref|affc|prologue}} Other red priests might attend to their fires during the entire night.{{Ref|adwd|33}} A common phrase of prayer is "the night is dark and full of terrors".{{Ref|ACOK|prologue}}{{Ref|affc|prologue}} A typical prayer sequence contains the phrase "''Yours is the sun that warms our days, yours the stars that guard us in the dark of night. (Lord of Light, defend us. The night is dark and full of terrors. Lord of Light, protect us.) R'hllor who gave us breath, we thank you. R'hllor who gave us day, we thank you. (We thank you for the sun that warms us. We thank you for the stars that watch us. We thank you for our hearths and for our torches, that keep the savage dark at bay.)''".{{Ref|asos|63}}<ref group="N">The sentences in parenthesis are responses from worshippers present at the nightfire.</ref>
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The [[Qartheen]] believe that there were once two moons in the sky. This second moon supposedly came too close to the sun and cracked like an egg hatching, releasing a million [[dragon]]s.{{Ref|AGOT|23}}{{Ref|TWOIAF|Ancient History: The Rise of Valyria}} The [[Dothraki]] believe that the moon is a goddess, wife to the sun.{{Ref|AGOT|23}} A Dothraki husband may refer to his wife as "moon of my life", to which she responds, calling him "my sun-and-stars".{{Ref|AGOT|46}}
  
The [[Qartheen]] believe that there were once two moons in the sky. This second moon supposedly came too close to the sun and cracked, having [[dragon]]s pouring forth from it.{{Ref|AGOT|23}}{{Ref|twoiaf|Ancient History: The Rise of Valyria}} The [[Dothraki]] believe that the moon is a goddess, wife to the sun.{{Ref|AGOT|23}}
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In the faith of [[R'hllor]], the Lord of Light, the [[red priest]]s and other followers pray before a nightfire, thanking R'hllor for ending the day, while beseeching him to bring the dawn and banish the darkness.{{Ref|ASOS|63}} The nightfires are lit at sunset.{{Ref|ASOS|63}}{{Ref|AGOT|3}} Fires are also lit each morning at first light, where the red priests welcome the sun.{{Ref|AFFC|0}} Other red priests might attend to their fires during the entire night.{{Ref|ADWD|33}} A common phrase in this faith is "the night is dark and full of terrors".{{Ref|ACOK|0}}{{Ref|AFFC|0}} A typical prayer includes the sequence,
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{{lyrics|
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Yours is the sun that warms our days, yours the stars that guard us in the dark of night.
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:(Lord of Light, defend us. The night is dark and full of terrors. Lord of Light, protect us.)
 +
R'hllor who gave us breath, we thank you. R'hllor who gave us day, we thank you.
 +
:(We thank you for the sun that warms us. We thank you for the stars that watch us.
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:We thank you for our hearths and for our torches, that keep the savage dark at bay.){{Ref|ASOS|63}}<ref group="N">The sentences in parentheses are responses from worshippers present at the nightfire.</ref>}}
  
==Planets and Other Moving Objects==
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==Stars and Constellations==
There are seven [[wanderer]]s in the sky over the known world, each of which are sacred to the [[Faith of the Seven]] and equated with one of the seven gods.{{Ref|ASOS|26}} This would imply that each wanderer is a planet, as the word planet is derived from the [[w:Greek|Greek]] word [https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%80%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AE%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82#Ancient_Greek πλανῆται] (''planētai'', which means "wanderers" or "wandering stars").<ref>[http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/planet Definition of planet by Merriam-Webster] (retrieved on May 19, 2018)</ref><ref>[http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/planet Define Planet at Dictionary.com] (retrieved on May 19, 2018)</ref>
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[[File:House Langward.svg|right|thumb|350px|The sigil of [[House Langward]] depicts the [[King's Crown]] constellation.]]
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[[Myrish eye]]s mounted on tripods can be used to observe the stars.{{ref|ASOS|69}} There are also dedicated observatories, including one kept at [[Winterfell]] by [[Luwin]].{{ref|AGOT|5}} The maesters of the Citadel compile star charts for their research and studies.{{Ref|AGOT|66}} Knowledge of the stars is useful in ocean navigation,{{ref|AGOT|66}} in particular the constellations of the [[Galley (constellation)|Galley]] and the [[Crone's Lantern]], and the star that is the eye of the [[Ice Dragon (constellation)|Ice Dragon]] constellation.{{Ref|ASOS|63}}
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The [[Dothraki]] believe that the stars are the souls of the deceased, their brightness depending on their deeds during their lives.{{Ref|AGOT|72}}
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Constellations are the names given to a group of stars linked close together. They usually represent some sort of picture, but what this picture depicts may vary between different cultures. The [[free folk]] have many of the same names for constellations as the people of the [[Seven Kingdoms]], although there are some differences. The [[King's Crown]] is named the Cradle by them, and the [[Stallion (constellation)|Stallion]] is named the Horned Lord.{{Ref|ASOS|26}}
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===Known constellations===
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Names for only ten major constellations have been mentioned so far. There may be as many as twelve, if the constellations and the "houses of heaven" correspond to each other.
  
Among the seven wanderers is the [[red wanderer]], equated by the Faith of the Seven to the Smith, and known as the Thief by the [[free folk]].{{Ref|ASOS|26}}{{Ref|AFFC|15}}{{Ref|ADWD|35}}
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* [[Crone's Lantern]]{{Ref|ASOS|63}}{{Ref|TSS}}
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* [[Galley (constellation)|Galley]]{{Ref|ASOS|63}}{{Ref|TSS}}
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* [[Ghost (constellation)|Ghost]]{{Ref|TSS}}
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* [[Ice Dragon (constellation)|Ice Dragon]]{{Ref|ASOS|63}}{{Ref|TSS}}
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* [[King's Crown]]{{Ref|TSS}} (also known as the Cradle among the [[free folk]]){{Ref|ASOS|26}}
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* [[Moonmaid]]{{Ref|ASOS|26}}{{Ref|TSS}}
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* [[Shadowcat (constellation)|Shadowcat]]{{Ref|ASOS|26}}
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* [[Sow]]{{Ref|TSS}}
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* [[Stallion (constellation)|Stallion]]{{Ref|TSS}} (also known as the Horned Lord among the [[free folk]]){{Ref|ASOS|26}}
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* [[Sword of the Morning (constellation)|Sword of the Morning]]{{Ref|ASOS|26}}
  
Beyond these seven wanderers, other "wandering stars" have also been known to appear, for example the [[red comet]] from {{Date|299}}.{{Ref|acok|6}}
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==Planets and Other Moving Objects==
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[[File:Dunk.svg|right|thumb|350px|The sigil of [[Duncan the Tall]] depicts a shooting star.]]
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There are [[seven wanderers]] in the sky over the known world, each of which are sacred to the [[Faith of the Seven]] and associated with one of [[the Seven|the seven gods]].{{Ref|ASOS|26}} Each wanderer may be a planet, as the word "planet" is derived from the [[w:Greek|Greek]] word [[wikt:πλανήτης|πλανῆται]] (''planētai'', which means "wanderers" or "wandering stars").<ref>[http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/planet Definition of planet by Merriam-Webster] (retrieved on May 19, 2018)</ref><ref>[http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/planet Define Planet at Dictionary.com] (retrieved on May 19, 2018)</ref> On Earth, the seven planets of antiquity included the Sun and Moon.<ref>[[w:Classical planet|Wikipedia: Classical planet]]</ref>
  
==Stars and Constellations==
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One of the seven wanderers is the [[red wanderer]], considered by the Faith of the Seven to be sacred to [[Smith (the Seven)|the Smith]].{{Ref|ASOS|26}} Among the [[free folk]], the red wanderer is known as the Thief.{{Ref|ASOS|26}}{{Ref|AFFC|15}}{{Ref|ADWD|35}}
[[Myrish eye]]s mounted on tripods can be used to observe the stars.{{ref|asos|69}} There are also dedicated observatories, including one kept at [[Winterfell]] by [[Luwin]].{{ref|agot|5}} The maesters of the Citadel compile maps of the starry sky for their research and studies and their knowledge is useful in navigation at the open sea, in particularly the Galley, the Crone's Lamp, and the eye of the Ice Dragon constellations.{{ref|agot|66}}{{Ref|ASOS|63}}
 
  
Constellations are the names given to a group of stars linked close together. Often times, they represent some sort of picture. Their names usually vary between the various peoples.  
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Beyond these seven wanderers, other "wandering stars" have also been known to appear, such as comets and [[w:Meteoroid#Meteors|falling (or shooting) stars]].
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* According to legend, over ten thousand years ago,{{ref|AFFC|21}} the founder of [[House Dayne]] tracked a falling star to an island at the mouth of the [[Torentine]], and discovered there a stone with magical powers. The castle of [[Starfall]] was constructed on that location,{{ref|TWOIAF|Dorne: Kingdoms of the First Men}} and the Dayne ancestral greatsword, [[Dawn]], was forged from the heart of this fallen star.{{ref|ACOK|21}}
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* Ser [[Duncan the Tall]] spotted a green shooting star in the sky outside [[Ashford]] in {{Date|209}}, and made it part of his [[sigil]].{{Ref|THK}}
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* A comet was seen above [[King's Landing]] in {{Date|281}}.{{Ref|AFFC|35}}
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* A [[red comet]] appears in the sky over [[Westeros]] and [[Essos]] in {{Date|299}}.{{Ref|ACOK|6}}{{Ref|AGOT|66}}{{Ref|AGOT|72}}
  
The [[free folk]] have many of the same names for constellations as the folk of the [[Seven Kingdoms]] do, although there are some differences. The King's Crown is the named the Cradle by them, as the Stallion is named the Horned Lord.{{Ref|ASOS|26}} The [[Dothraki]] for their part believe that the stars are the souls of the deceased, their brightness being a reflection of their exploits during their lives.{{Ref|AGOT|72}}
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Seeing a falling star is considered to bring luck.{{Ref|THK}} The [[prince that was promised]] is [[prophecy|prophesied]] to be born beneath a "bleeding star",{{Ref|AFFC|45}} which some believe to be a comet.{{Ref|AFFC|35}} [[Azor Ahai]] is prophesied to be reborn when "the red star bleeds".{{Ref|ASOS|25}}
  
===Known constellations===
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==Behind the Scenes==
* [[Crone's Lantern]]{{Ref|asos|63}}{{ref|tss}}
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There was some attempt during the writing of ''[[The World of Ice & Fire]]'' to commission an artist's illustration of the major constellations and the houses of heaven known to the Maesters of the Citadel, but due to various complications the project was eventually dropped.<ref>[https://www.reddit.com/r/asoiaf/comments/2kgg2o/spoilers_all_ama_with_authors_of_the_world_of_ice/ Reddit AMA, March 2015]</ref>
* [[Galley (constellation)|Galley]]{{Ref|asos|63}}{{ref|tss}}
 
* [[Ghost (constellation)|Ghost]]{{ref|tss}}
 
* [[Ice Dragon (constellation)|Ice Dragon]]{{Ref|asos|63}}{{ref|tss}}
 
* [[King's Crown]]{{ref|tss}}
 
* [[Moonmaid]]{{ref|tss}}
 
* [[Shadowcat (constellation)|Shadowcat]]{{Ref|asos|26}}
 
* [[Sow]]{{ref|tss}}
 
* [[Stallion (constellation)|Stallion]]{{Ref|tss}} (also known as the Horned Lord among the [[free folk]]){{Ref|asos|26}}
 
* [[Sword of the Morning (constellation)|Sword of the Morning]]{{Ref|asos|26}}
 
  
 
==Notes==
 
==Notes==
Line 44: Line 65:
  
 
==References==
 
==References==
{{References|2}}
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{{References}}
  
 
[[Category:Astronomy| ]]
 
[[Category:Astronomy| ]]

Latest revision as of 07:27, 4 November 2023

A maester may use a Myrish eye to study astronomy. Art by Yoann Boissonnet © Fantasy Flight Games

Astronomy is a natural science that studies celestial objects and phenomena.[1] In the known world, astronomy plays a role in keeping track of time, as well as in religion.

The bronze link of a maester's chain[2][3] likely symbolizes his expertise in either astronomy or astrology.[N 1] Maester Nicol has studied the movement of the stars,[6] and Maester Luwin, in service at Winterfell during the rule of Lord Eddard Stark, has a Myrish lens tube through which he looks at stars in the sky.[7] Maester Luwin taught the Stark children about the stars, including "the names of the twelve houses of heaven and the rulers of each", the seven wanderers, and the constellations.[8]

The Sun and Moon

The sigil of House Tarth depicts the sun and moon.

In the known world, a year is the length of a solar cycle, how long it takes the earth to make one complete revolution around the sun.[9][10] The world is also orbited by a moon, in a similar fashion to Earth's, which revolves around the world twelve times a year.[9] As on Earth, a year is measured by determining the position of the sun, moon, and stars.[10]

The known world experiences extremely long seasons of varying length, usually lasting at least a couple of years each. It is known that the daytime period is correlated with the seasons. Towards the end of summer, the days start to grow shorter,[11] a trend which continues through autumn.[12][13] The end of a season is determined by the Conclave of the Citadel, who base their conclusion on the measurements and reports of maesters all over the Seven Kingdoms.[14]

In his The Measure of the Days, Maester Nicol argues, based upon his studies on the movement of stars, that the seasons possibly were once of a regular length, determined by the way in which the globe faces the sun. According to Maester Yandel, however, although the notion appears to be true, Nicol has not been able to find any evidence that regular seasons were once the case, beyond the most ancient of tales.[6]

The Qartheen believe that there were once two moons in the sky. This second moon supposedly came too close to the sun and cracked like an egg hatching, releasing a million dragons.[15][16] The Dothraki believe that the moon is a goddess, wife to the sun.[15] A Dothraki husband may refer to his wife as "moon of my life", to which she responds, calling him "my sun-and-stars".[17]

In the faith of R'hllor, the Lord of Light, the red priests and other followers pray before a nightfire, thanking R'hllor for ending the day, while beseeching him to bring the dawn and banish the darkness.[18] The nightfires are lit at sunset.[18][19] Fires are also lit each morning at first light, where the red priests welcome the sun.[5] Other red priests might attend to their fires during the entire night.[20] A common phrase in this faith is "the night is dark and full of terrors".[14][5] A typical prayer includes the sequence,

Yours is the sun that warms our days, yours the stars that guard us in the dark of night.
(Lord of Light, defend us. The night is dark and full of terrors. Lord of Light, protect us.)
R'hllor who gave us breath, we thank you. R'hllor who gave us day, we thank you.
(We thank you for the sun that warms us. We thank you for the stars that watch us.
We thank you for our hearths and for our torches, that keep the savage dark at bay.)[18][N 2]

Stars and Constellations

The sigil of House Langward depicts the King's Crown constellation.

Myrish eyes mounted on tripods can be used to observe the stars.[21] There are also dedicated observatories, including one kept at Winterfell by Luwin.[22] The maesters of the Citadel compile star charts for their research and studies.[7] Knowledge of the stars is useful in ocean navigation,[7] in particular the constellations of the Galley and the Crone's Lantern, and the star that is the eye of the Ice Dragon constellation.[18]

The Dothraki believe that the stars are the souls of the deceased, their brightness depending on their deeds during their lives.[23]

Constellations are the names given to a group of stars linked close together. They usually represent some sort of picture, but what this picture depicts may vary between different cultures. The free folk have many of the same names for constellations as the people of the Seven Kingdoms, although there are some differences. The King's Crown is named the Cradle by them, and the Stallion is named the Horned Lord.[8]

Known constellations

Names for only ten major constellations have been mentioned so far. There may be as many as twelve, if the constellations and the "houses of heaven" correspond to each other.

Planets and Other Moving Objects

The sigil of Duncan the Tall depicts a shooting star.

There are seven wanderers in the sky over the known world, each of which are sacred to the Faith of the Seven and associated with one of the seven gods.[8] Each wanderer may be a planet, as the word "planet" is derived from the Greek word πλανῆται (planētai, which means "wanderers" or "wandering stars").[25][26] On Earth, the seven planets of antiquity included the Sun and Moon.[27]

One of the seven wanderers is the red wanderer, considered by the Faith of the Seven to be sacred to the Smith.[8] Among the free folk, the red wanderer is known as the Thief.[8][28][29]

Beyond these seven wanderers, other "wandering stars" have also been known to appear, such as comets and falling (or shooting) stars.

Seeing a falling star is considered to bring luck.[33] The prince that was promised is prophesied to be born beneath a "bleeding star",[36] which some believe to be a comet.[34] Azor Ahai is prophesied to be reborn when "the red star bleeds".[37]

Behind the Scenes

There was some attempt during the writing of The World of Ice & Fire to commission an artist's illustration of the major constellations and the houses of heaven known to the Maesters of the Citadel, but due to various complications the project was eventually dropped.[38]

Notes

  1. Archmaester Vaellyn, whose mask, rod, and ring are bronze,[4] judges those wishing to demonstrate knowledge of the heavens,[5] and he is also described as "the stargazer".[4]
  2. The sentences in parentheses are responses from worshippers present at the nightfire.

References

  1. Wikipedia: Astronomy
  2. A Game of Thrones, Chapter 41, Jon V.
  3. A Game of Thrones, Chapter 20, Eddard IV.
  4. 4.0 4.1 A Feast for Crows, Appendix.
  5. 5.0 5.1 5.2 A Feast for Crows, Prologue.
  6. 6.0 6.1 The World of Ice & Fire, Ancient History: The Long Night.
  7. 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 A Game of Thrones, Chapter 66, Bran VII.
  8. 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 8.8 8.9 A Storm of Swords, Chapter 26, Jon III.
  9. 9.0 9.1 So Spake Martin: Asshai.com Forum Chat (July 27, 2008).
  10. 10.0 10.1 So Spake Martin: Measuring Time (June 12, 1999).
  11. A Game of Thrones, Chapter 21, Tyrion III.
  12. A Feast for Crows, Chapter 20, Brienne IV.
  13. A Dance with Dragons, Chapter 21, Jon V.
  14. 14.0 14.1 A Clash of Kings, Prologue.
  15. 15.0 15.1 A Game of Thrones, Chapter 23, Daenerys III.
  16. The World of Ice & Fire, Ancient History: The Rise of Valyria.
  17. A Game of Thrones, Chapter 46, Daenerys V.
  18. 18.0 18.1 18.2 18.3 18.4 18.5 18.6 A Storm of Swords, Chapter 63, Davos VI.
  19. A Game of Thrones, Chapter 3, Daenerys I.
  20. A Dance with Dragons, Chapter 33, Tyrion VIII.
  21. A Storm of Swords, Chapter 69, Jon IX.
  22. A Game of Thrones, Chapter 5, Jon I.
  23. 23.0 23.1 A Game of Thrones, Chapter 72, Daenerys X.
  24. 24.0 24.1 24.2 24.3 24.4 24.5 24.6 24.7 The Sworn Sword.
  25. Definition of planet by Merriam-Webster (retrieved on May 19, 2018)
  26. Define Planet at Dictionary.com (retrieved on May 19, 2018)
  27. Wikipedia: Classical planet
  28. A Feast for Crows, Chapter 15, Samwell II.
  29. A Dance with Dragons, Chapter 35, Jon VII.
  30. A Feast for Crows, Chapter 21, The Queenmaker.
  31. The World of Ice & Fire, Dorne: Kingdoms of the First Men.
  32. A Clash of Kings, Chapter 21, Bran III.
  33. 33.0 33.1 The Hedge Knight.
  34. 34.0 34.1 A Feast for Crows, Chapter 35, Samwell IV.
  35. A Clash of Kings, Chapter 6, Jon I.
  36. A Feast for Crows, Chapter 45, Samwell V.
  37. A Storm of Swords, Chapter 25, Davos III.
  38. Reddit AMA, March 2015