Difference between revisions of "Dothraki language"
(→Development) |
Alyx Rivers (talk | contribs) |
||
(31 intermediate revisions by 13 users not shown) | |||
Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
− | The '''Dothraki language''' is the | + | The '''Dothraki language''' is the language spoken by the [[Dothraki]], the indigenous nomadic horse people who roam the [[Dothraki sea]] in central [[Essos]]. It is known to be a rough, harsh language.{{Ref|AGOT|3}}{{Ref|AGOT|11}}{{Ref|AGOT|61}} |
− | |||
− | |||
− | ==Language | + | ==Language== |
− | + | Only a few terms and translations are known from the Dothraki tongue, as [[George R.R. Martin]] has not developed an actual language.<ref name=SSM>[[So Spake Martin]]: [https://www.westeros.org/Citadel/SSM/Entry/1250/ Yet More Questions (July 22, 2001)]</ref> | |
− | + | ||
− | + | A ''[[khal]]'' is the leader of a ''[[khalasar]]'', a nomadic horde of Dothraki. A ''khal'''s wife is called a ''[[khaleesi]]'', and his heir is known as a ''[[khalakka]]''.{{Ref|aGoT|36}} When a ''khal'' dies, his ''khaleesi'' joins the ''[[dosh khaleen]]'' in the only true city the Dothraki have, [[Vaes Dothrak]].{{Ref|AGOT|36}} | |
− | + | ||
− | + | A ''[[ko]]'' acts as a captain or lieutenant for a ''khal''. If a ''khal'' dies without a strong successor, ''kos'' might fight amongst themselves and form their own ''khalasars''.{{Ref|AGOT|64}}{{Ref|AGOT|68}} | |
− | {| | + | |
− | | | + | According to a semi-canon source,{{Ref|AWOIAF|Aggo}} a ''[[khas]]'' consists of the personal guard of important individuals, such as a ''khaleesi''{{Ref|AGOT|23}} or a ''ko''.{{Ref|AGOT|61}} [[Bloodrider]]s are the most trusted companions and guards of a ''khal''.{{Ref|AGOT|36}} |
− | + | ||
− | + | Dothraki use the terms "it is known" frequently.{{Ref|AGOT|61}}{{Ref|AGOT|23}}{{Ref|ACOK|12}}{{Ref|ACOK|40}}{{Ref|ASOS|57}}{{Ref|ADWD|2}}{{Ref|ADWD|16}}{{Ref|ADWD|36}}{{Ref|ADWD|52}} Bloodriders are referred to as "blood of my blood".{{Ref|AGOT|11}}{{Ref|AGOT|36}} [[Daenerys Targaryen]] and Khal [[Drogo]] refer to each other as "my [[sun]]-and-stars" and "[[moon]] of my life".{{Ref|AGOT|61}}{{Ref|AGOT|36}}{{Ref|AGOT|54}}{{Ref|AGOT|46}}{{Ref|AGOT|64}}{{Ref|AGOT|68}}{{Ref|AGOT|72}} It is unknown whether these expressions are commonly used amongst the Dothraki. | |
− | + | ||
− | + | ==Known translations== | |
− | + | Several names of cities, lands and others are described in the published material: | |
− | + | ||
− | + | {|class="wikitable sortable" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" width="98%" style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border: 1px solid #999; border-right-width: 2px; border-bottom-width: 2px" | |
− | + | !Dothraki | |
− | |- | + | !Translation |
− | + | !Notes | |
− | | | + | |- |
− | | | + | |[[Adakhakileki]]{{Ref|AWOIAF|Adakhakileki}} |
− | | | + | |The Cannibals |
− | | | + | |A ruined city with unknown origins |
− | | | + | |- |
− | | | + | |Haesh Rakhi{{Ref|AGOT|61}} |
− | | | + | |Lamb Men |
− | |- | + | |The Dothraki name for the [[Lhazareen]] |
− | + | |- | |
− | | | + | |Jaqqa rhan{{Ref|AGOT|61}} |
− | | | + | | |
− | | | + | |Described as the ''mercy men''. Exact translations currently unknown. |
− | | | + | |- |
− | + | |Khalakka dothrae{{Ref|AGOT|46}} | |
− | | | + | |The prince is riding |
− | | | + | | |
− | |- | + | |- |
− | + | |Khalakka dothrae mr'anha{{Ref|AGOT|46}} | |
− | | | + | |A prince rides inside me |
− | | | + | | |
− | | | + | |- |
− | | | + | |[[Krazaaj Has]]{{Ref|AWOIAF|Krazaaj Has}} |
− | | | + | |Sharp Mountains |
− | | | + | |A [[Ghiscari]] city, currently in ruins; the Dothraki name refers to the pyramids that once stood in the city |
− | | | + | |- |
+ | |[[Krazaaj Zasqa]]{{Ref|AWOIAF|Krazaaj Zasqa}}{{Ref|TWOIAF|The Bones and Beyond}}{{Ref|TWOIAF|Beyond the Free Cities: East of Ib}} | ||
+ | |White Mountains | ||
+ | |The Dothraki name for the northern portion of the great mountain chain that divides Essos, more commonly known as the ''Bones'' | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |Khal Rhae Mhar{{Ref|AGOT|36}} | ||
+ | |The Sorefoot King | ||
+ | | | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |Khal Rhaggat{{Ref|AGOT|36}} | ||
+ | |The Cart King | ||
+ | | | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |Rakh{{Ref|AGOT|46}} | ||
+ | |A boy | ||
+ | | | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |Rakh haj{{Ref|AGOT|46}} | ||
+ | |A strong boy | ||
+ | | | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |Rhaesh Andahli{{Ref|AGOT|3}}{{Ref|TWOIAF|Ancient History: The Arrival of the Andals}} | ||
+ | |The land of the Andals | ||
+ | |The Dothraki name for [[Westeros]] | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |Shierak qiya{{Ref|ACOK|12}} | ||
+ | |Bleeding star | ||
+ | | | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |[[Vaes Aresak]]{{Ref|AWOIAF|Vaes Aresak (Ibbish)}}{{Ref|TWOIAF|Beyond the Free Cities: Ib}} | ||
+ | |City of Cowards | ||
+ | |An [[Ib]]benese town, currently abandoned, originally called ''Ibbish'' | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |[[Vaes Athjikhari]]{{Ref|AWOIAF|Vaes Athjikhari (Sallosh)}} | ||
+ | |City of Sickness | ||
+ | |A [[Sarnor]]i city, currently in ruins, originally called ''Sallosh'', which had also been known as ''the City of Scholars'' | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |[[Vaes Diaf]]{{Ref|AWOIAF|Vaes Diaf (Hazdahn Mo)}} | ||
+ | |City of the Skull | ||
+ | |A [[Ghiscar]]i city, currently in ruins, originally called ''Hazdahn Mo'' | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |[[Vaes Efe]]{{Ref|AWOIAF|Vaes Efe}} | ||
+ | |City of Shackles | ||
+ | |A small [[Ghiscar]]i town, currently in ruins | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |[[Vaes Graddakh]]{{Ref|AWOIAF|Vaes Graddakh (Sarys)}} | ||
+ | |City of Filth | ||
+ | |A [[Sarnor]]i city, currently in ruins, originally called ''Sarys'' | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |[[Vaes Jini]]{{Ref|AWOIAF|Vaes Jini (Yinishar)}} | ||
+ | |City of Goats | ||
+ | |Originally a city called ''Yinishar'', currently in ruins | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |[[Vaes Gorqoyi]]{{Ref|TWOIAF|Beyond the Free Cities: The Grasslands}} | ||
+ | |City of the Blood Charge | ||
+ | |Originally a city called ''Mardosh'', which had also been known as the ''City of Soldiers'' | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |[[Vaes Khadokh]]{{ref|twoiaf|Beyond the Free Cities: The Grasslands}}{{Ref|AWOIAF|Vaes Khadokh (Essaria)}} | ||
+ | |City of Corpses | ||
+ | |Originally a [[Valyria]]n colony called ''Essaria'', currently in ruins | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |[[Vaes Khewo]]{{Ref|AWOIAF|Vaes Khewo (Sarnath)}} | ||
+ | |City of Worms | ||
+ | |A [[Sarnor]]i city, currently in ruins, originally called ''Sarnath'' | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |[[Vaes Leisi]]{{Ref|AWOIAF|Vaes Leisi}} | ||
+ | |City of Ghosts | ||
+ | |A formed settlement of the “wood walkers” from the [[Kingdom of the Ifequevron]], currently in ruins | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |[[Vaes Leqse]]{{Ref|AWOIAF|Vaes Leqse (Gornath)}} | ||
+ | |City of Rats | ||
+ | |A [[Sarnor]]i city, currently in ruins, originally called ''Gornath'' | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |[[Vaes Mejhah]]{{Ref|AWOIAF|Vaes Mejhah}} | ||
+ | |City of Whores | ||
+ | |A small [[Ghiscari]] town, currently in ruins | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |[[Vaes Orvik]]{{Ref|AWOIAF|Vaes Orvik}} | ||
+ | |City of the Whip | ||
+ | |A small [[Qarth]]een city, currently in ruins; the Dothraki name refers to the great number of slaves taken when the city was destroyed. | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |[[Vaes Qosar]]{{Ref|AWOIAF|Vaes Qosar (Qolahn)}} | ||
+ | |City of Spiders | ||
+ | |A [[Qarth]]een city, currently in ruins, originally called ''Qolahn'' | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |[[Vaes Shirosi]]{{Ref|AWOIAF|Vaes Shirosi}} | ||
+ | |City of Scorpions | ||
+ | |A small [[Qarth]]een city, currently in ruins | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |[[Vaes Tolorro]]{{Ref|AWOIAF|Vaes Tolorro}} | ||
+ | |City of Bones | ||
+ | |An abandoned city of unknown origin | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |[[Vojjor Samvi]]{{Ref|AWOIAF|Vojjor Samvi (Kasath)}} | ||
+ | |The Broken Gods | ||
+ | |A [[Sarnor]]i city originally called ''Kasath'', which had also been known as the ''City of Caravans'', currently in ruins | ||
+ | |- | ||
+ | |Yalli Qamayi{{Ref|AWOIAF|Yalli Qamayi (Sathar)}} | ||
+ | |Wailing Children | ||
+ | |A [[Sarnor]]i city originally called ''Sathar'', which had also been known as the ''Waterfall City'', currently in ruins | ||
|- | |- | ||
− | + | |} | |
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |} | ||
− | |||
− | == | + | ==''Game of Thrones''== |
− | + | According to [[George R. R. Martin]], | |
− | + | {{Quote|[[w:Tolkien|Tolkien]] was a philologist, and an Oxford don, and could spend decades laboriously inventing [[w:Elvish languages (Middle-earth)|Elvish]] in all its detail. I, alas, am only a hardworking SF and fantasy novel[sic], and I don't have his gift for languages. That is to say, I have not actually created a [[High Valyrian|Valyrian]] language. The best I could do was try to sketch in each of the chief tongues of [[known world|my imaginary world]] in broad strokes, and give them each their characteristic sounds and spellings.<ref name=SSM/>}} | |
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | | | ||
− | | | ||
− | |||
− | | | ||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |} | ||
− | + | The Dothraki language used in the HBO television adaptation ''[[Game of Thrones]]'' was constructed by [[w:David J. Peterson|David J. Peterson]], a member of the [[w:Language Creation Society|Language Creation Society]]. This language takes cues from the known Dothraki words used in the published material and expands greatly upon it. The show's Dothraki language is also inspired by several real-life languages such as [[w:Russian language|Russian]], [[w:Turkish language|Turkish]], [[w:Estonian language|Estonian]], [[w:Inuktitut|Inuktitut]] and [[w:Swahili language|Swahili]].<ref name=hbo>[http://dothraki.conlang.org/official-hbo-press-release/ Official HBO Press Release (April 12, 2010)]</ref> | |
− | + | The Dothraki language was developed under two restrictions. The language needed to match the terms used in the books, and it needed to be easy to pronounce or learn by the actors. These two constraints were an influence on the grammar and phonology of the Dothraki language developed for HBO. | |
− | Dothraki | ||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | + | As of September 2011, the language comprised 3,163 words, though not all of these words were publicly known.<ref>[http://www.dothraki.com/2011/09/the-header-script/ The Header Script (September 21, 2011)]</ref> According to Peterson, Martin has asked him for help in translating some passages for the upcoming ''[[The Winds of Winter]]''.<ref>''Vulture'': [https://www.vulture.com/2013/04/game-of-thrones-dothraki-language-inventor.html Learn to Speak Dothraki and Valyrian From the Man Who Invented Them for ''Game of Thrones''], April 23, 2013</ref> | |
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | == | + | ==See also== |
− | + | See also the following external links | |
− | + | * [http://dothraki.conlang.org The LCS blog about the language] | |
− | + | * [http://wiki.dothraki.org The Dothraki Language Wiki] | |
− | + | * [http://docs.dothraki.org/Dothraki.pdf Publicly available lexicon] | |
− | + | * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dothraki_language English Wikipedia page on the Dothraki language] | |
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
− | {{ | + | {{References}} |
− | + | ||
− | + | {{Languages}} | |
− | + | ||
− | + | [[Category:Dothraki culture|Language]] | |
+ | [[Category:Languages]] | ||
+ | [[Category:Game of Thrones (TV series)]] | ||
+ | |||
+ | [[fr:Dothraki (langue)]] | ||
+ | [[nl:Dothraki (taal)]] | ||
+ | [[pt:Língua Dothraki]] | ||
+ | [[ru:Дотракийский язык]] |
Revision as of 17:58, 21 July 2022
The Dothraki language is the language spoken by the Dothraki, the indigenous nomadic horse people who roam the Dothraki sea in central Essos. It is known to be a rough, harsh language.[1][2][3]
Language
Only a few terms and translations are known from the Dothraki tongue, as George R.R. Martin has not developed an actual language.[4]
A khal is the leader of a khalasar, a nomadic horde of Dothraki. A khal's wife is called a khaleesi, and his heir is known as a khalakka.[5] When a khal dies, his khaleesi joins the dosh khaleen in the only true city the Dothraki have, Vaes Dothrak.[5]
A ko acts as a captain or lieutenant for a khal. If a khal dies without a strong successor, kos might fight amongst themselves and form their own khalasars.[6][7]
According to a semi-canon source,[8] a khas consists of the personal guard of important individuals, such as a khaleesi[9] or a ko.[3] Bloodriders are the most trusted companions and guards of a khal.[5]
Dothraki use the terms "it is known" frequently.[3][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16] Bloodriders are referred to as "blood of my blood".[2][5] Daenerys Targaryen and Khal Drogo refer to each other as "my sun-and-stars" and "moon of my life".[3][5][17][18][6][7][19] It is unknown whether these expressions are commonly used amongst the Dothraki.
Known translations
Several names of cities, lands and others are described in the published material:
Dothraki | Translation | Notes |
---|---|---|
Adakhakileki[20] | The Cannibals | A ruined city with unknown origins |
Haesh Rakhi[3] | Lamb Men | The Dothraki name for the Lhazareen |
Jaqqa rhan[3] | Described as the mercy men. Exact translations currently unknown. | |
Khalakka dothrae[18] | The prince is riding | |
Khalakka dothrae mr'anha[18] | A prince rides inside me | |
Krazaaj Has[21] | Sharp Mountains | A Ghiscari city, currently in ruins; the Dothraki name refers to the pyramids that once stood in the city |
Krazaaj Zasqa[22][23][24] | White Mountains | The Dothraki name for the northern portion of the great mountain chain that divides Essos, more commonly known as the Bones |
Khal Rhae Mhar[5] | The Sorefoot King | |
Khal Rhaggat[5] | The Cart King | |
Rakh[18] | A boy | |
Rakh haj[18] | A strong boy | |
Rhaesh Andahli[1][25] | The land of the Andals | The Dothraki name for Westeros |
Shierak qiya[10] | Bleeding star | |
Vaes Aresak[26][27] | City of Cowards | An Ibbenese town, currently abandoned, originally called Ibbish |
Vaes Athjikhari[28] | City of Sickness | A Sarnori city, currently in ruins, originally called Sallosh, which had also been known as the City of Scholars |
Vaes Diaf[29] | City of the Skull | A Ghiscari city, currently in ruins, originally called Hazdahn Mo |
Vaes Efe[30] | City of Shackles | A small Ghiscari town, currently in ruins |
Vaes Graddakh[31] | City of Filth | A Sarnori city, currently in ruins, originally called Sarys |
Vaes Jini[32] | City of Goats | Originally a city called Yinishar, currently in ruins |
Vaes Gorqoyi[33] | City of the Blood Charge | Originally a city called Mardosh, which had also been known as the City of Soldiers |
Vaes Khadokh[33][34] | City of Corpses | Originally a Valyrian colony called Essaria, currently in ruins |
Vaes Khewo[35] | City of Worms | A Sarnori city, currently in ruins, originally called Sarnath |
Vaes Leisi[36] | City of Ghosts | A formed settlement of the “wood walkers” from the Kingdom of the Ifequevron, currently in ruins |
Vaes Leqse[37] | City of Rats | A Sarnori city, currently in ruins, originally called Gornath |
Vaes Mejhah[38] | City of Whores | A small Ghiscari town, currently in ruins |
Vaes Orvik[39] | City of the Whip | A small Qartheen city, currently in ruins; the Dothraki name refers to the great number of slaves taken when the city was destroyed. |
Vaes Qosar[40] | City of Spiders | A Qartheen city, currently in ruins, originally called Qolahn |
Vaes Shirosi[41] | City of Scorpions | A small Qartheen city, currently in ruins |
Vaes Tolorro[42] | City of Bones | An abandoned city of unknown origin |
Vojjor Samvi[43] | The Broken Gods | A Sarnori city originally called Kasath, which had also been known as the City of Caravans, currently in ruins |
Yalli Qamayi[44] | Wailing Children | A Sarnori city originally called Sathar, which had also been known as the Waterfall City, currently in ruins |
Game of Thrones
According to George R. R. Martin,
Tolkien was a philologist, and an Oxford don, and could spend decades laboriously inventing Elvish in all its detail. I, alas, am only a hardworking SF and fantasy novel[sic], and I don't have his gift for languages. That is to say, I have not actually created a Valyrian language. The best I could do was try to sketch in each of the chief tongues of my imaginary world in broad strokes, and give them each their characteristic sounds and spellings.[4]
The Dothraki language used in the HBO television adaptation Game of Thrones was constructed by David J. Peterson, a member of the Language Creation Society. This language takes cues from the known Dothraki words used in the published material and expands greatly upon it. The show's Dothraki language is also inspired by several real-life languages such as Russian, Turkish, Estonian, Inuktitut and Swahili.[45]
The Dothraki language was developed under two restrictions. The language needed to match the terms used in the books, and it needed to be easy to pronounce or learn by the actors. These two constraints were an influence on the grammar and phonology of the Dothraki language developed for HBO.
As of September 2011, the language comprised 3,163 words, though not all of these words were publicly known.[46] According to Peterson, Martin has asked him for help in translating some passages for the upcoming The Winds of Winter.[47]
See also
See also the following external links
- The LCS blog about the language
- The Dothraki Language Wiki
- Publicly available lexicon
- English Wikipedia page on the Dothraki language
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 A Game of Thrones, Chapter 3, Daenerys I.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 A Game of Thrones, Chapter 11, Daenerys II.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 A Game of Thrones, Chapter 61, Daenerys VII.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 So Spake Martin: Yet More Questions (July 22, 2001)
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 A Game of Thrones, Chapter 36, Daenerys IV.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 A Game of Thrones, Chapter 64, Daenerys VIII.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 A Game of Thrones, Chapter 68, Daenerys IX.
- ↑ George R. R. Martin's A World of Ice and Fire, Aggo.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 A Game of Thrones, Chapter 23, Daenerys III.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 A Clash of Kings, Chapter 12, Daenerys I.
- ↑ A Clash of Kings, Chapter 40, Daenerys III.
- ↑ A Storm of Swords, Chapter 57, Daenerys V.
- ↑ A Dance with Dragons, Chapter 2, Daenerys I.
- ↑ A Dance with Dragons, Chapter 16, Daenerys III.
- ↑ A Dance with Dragons, Chapter 36, Daenerys VI.
- ↑ A Dance with Dragons, Chapter 52, Daenerys IX.
- ↑ A Game of Thrones, Chapter 54, Daenerys VI.
- ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 18.3 18.4 A Game of Thrones, Chapter 46, Daenerys V.
- ↑ A Game of Thrones, Chapter 72, Daenerys X.
- ↑ George R. R. Martin's A World of Ice and Fire, Adakhakileki.
- ↑ George R. R. Martin's A World of Ice and Fire, Krazaaj Has.
- ↑ George R. R. Martin's A World of Ice and Fire, Krazaaj Zasqa.
- ↑ The World of Ice & Fire, The Bones and Beyond.
- ↑ The World of Ice & Fire, Beyond the Free Cities: East of Ib.
- ↑ The World of Ice & Fire, Ancient History: The Arrival of the Andals.
- ↑ George R. R. Martin's A World of Ice and Fire, Vaes Aresak (Ibbish).
- ↑ The World of Ice & Fire, Beyond the Free Cities: Ib.
- ↑ George R. R. Martin's A World of Ice and Fire, Vaes Athjikhari (Sallosh).
- ↑ George R. R. Martin's A World of Ice and Fire, Vaes Diaf (Hazdahn Mo).
- ↑ George R. R. Martin's A World of Ice and Fire, Vaes Efe.
- ↑ George R. R. Martin's A World of Ice and Fire, Vaes Graddakh (Sarys).
- ↑ George R. R. Martin's A World of Ice and Fire, Vaes Jini (Yinishar).
- ↑ 33.0 33.1 The World of Ice & Fire, Beyond the Free Cities: The Grasslands.
- ↑ George R. R. Martin's A World of Ice and Fire, Vaes Khadokh (Essaria).
- ↑ George R. R. Martin's A World of Ice and Fire, Vaes Khewo (Sarnath).
- ↑ George R. R. Martin's A World of Ice and Fire, Vaes Leisi.
- ↑ George R. R. Martin's A World of Ice and Fire, Vaes Leqse (Gornath).
- ↑ George R. R. Martin's A World of Ice and Fire, Vaes Mejhah.
- ↑ George R. R. Martin's A World of Ice and Fire, Vaes Orvik.
- ↑ George R. R. Martin's A World of Ice and Fire, Vaes Qosar (Qolahn).
- ↑ George R. R. Martin's A World of Ice and Fire, Vaes Shirosi.
- ↑ George R. R. Martin's A World of Ice and Fire, Vaes Tolorro.
- ↑ George R. R. Martin's A World of Ice and Fire, Vojjor Samvi (Kasath).
- ↑ George R. R. Martin's A World of Ice and Fire, Yalli Qamayi (Sathar).
- ↑ Official HBO Press Release (April 12, 2010)
- ↑ The Header Script (September 21, 2011)
- ↑ Vulture: Learn to Speak Dothraki and Valyrian From the Man Who Invented Them for Game of Thrones, April 23, 2013